Civic Associations and Authoritarian Regimes in Interwar Europe: Italy and Spain in Comparative Perspective
نویسنده
چکیده
focuses mostly on democracy (Arato 1981; Paxton 2002; Putnam 1993; Wuthnow 1991). This analysis investigates instead the relationship between associationism and authoritarianism. I explore how the strength of the associational sphere influenced the degree of regime hegemony in two cases of interwar European authoritarianism: the Italian fascist regime and the Spanish dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1870–1930). By hegemony I mean the extent to which a regime politicizes the associational sphere in accordance with its official ideology. A hegemonic authoritarian regime exists to the extent that official regime unions, employers’organizations, and professional associations exist. In contrast, economic-corporate dictatorships leave the preexisting associational terrain intact. I treat Italian fascism and de Rivera’s Spain as instances, respectively, of hegemonic authoritarianism and an economic corporate dictatorship, and I ask how the strength of the associational sphere shaped these divergent outcomes. Classic scholarship in the Tocquevillian tradition suggests that a developed associational sphere should preserve a realm of private nonregime–dominated social relations (Arendt 1958:323; Friedrich and Brzezinksi 1966:279; Kornhauser 1959:30, 76–90; Lerderer 1940:72). Therefore, it should be difficult to establish a hegemonic authoritarian regime in the context of a strong associational sphere. I suggest, in contrast, that relatively strong associational spheres in the preseizure of power period have sometimes rendered authoritarian regimes more hegemonic than they would be had associationism been weaker. To establish my argument, Civic Associations and Authoritarian Regimes in Interwar Europe: Italy and Spain in Comparative Perspective
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